{"id":4842,"date":"2026-07-24T22:18:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-24T16:48:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/"},"modified":"2026-07-24T22:18:31","modified_gmt":"2026-07-24T16:48:31","slug":"what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Python? A Complete Guide to the Popular Language"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I remember when we used to count bytes. Now, people import a library just to print a string. It\u2019s disgusting. But let\u2019s talk about why I\u2019m wrong.<\/p>\n<p>It was 4:12 AM. I was staring at a terminal window, my eyes burning from the blue light and the third pot of coffee that tasted more like battery acid than beans. I was hunting a memory leak in a legacy C++ telemetry module\u2014code I\u2019d written in 1998 and hadn&#8217;t touched since the Bush administration. Somewhere, in a nested loop of pointers to pointers, a <code>delete<\/code> had gone missing. Or maybe it was a double-free. Or maybe the heap was just tired of my nonsense. <\/p>\n<p>In the 80s, if you leaked memory, the machine stopped. You felt the consequence. You learned. Modern developers? They just throw more RAM at the problem. They treat memory like an infinite resource, like air. It\u2019s offensive. I spent three decades hand-optimizing assembly for 8-bit microcontrollers where 64KB was a luxury suite. And here I was, thirty years later, losing sleep over a pointer that refused to die.<\/p>\n<p>Then came the &#8220;Automation Initiative.&#8221; Management decided we needed to &#8220;move faster.&#8221; They handed me a project: automate the hardware-in-the-loop testing for the new sensor array. &#8220;Use Python,&#8221; they said. &#8220;It\u2019s easy,&#8221; they said. I scoffed. I told them I didn&#8217;t write &#8220;scripting languages.&#8221; I told them I didn&#8217;t want to deal with a language that used whitespace for logic. It felt like writing code in a coloring book.<\/p>\n<p>But I was tired. The C++ leak was still there, mocking me. So, I opened a terminal. I typed <code>python3<\/code>. And I started to see the horror.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a64ce18b5b18\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a64ce18b5b18\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#The_Garbage_Collector_is_My_New_Best_Friend_and_I_Hate_It\" >The Garbage Collector is My New Best Friend and I Hate It<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#Guidos_Revenge_and_the_Great_Unicode_War\" >Guido\u2019s Revenge and the Great Unicode War<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#Namespaces_are_a_Honking_Great_Idea_And_I_Hate_That_I_Agree\" >Namespaces are a Honking Great Idea (And I Hate That I Agree)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#Structural_Pattern_Matching_for_People_Who_Miss_Switch_Statements\" >Structural Pattern Matching for People Who Miss Switch Statements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#CPython_is_Just_a_C_Program_with_a_God_Complex\" >CPython is Just a C Program with a God Complex<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#PEP_8_The_Nanny_State_of_Formatting\" >PEP 8: The Nanny State of Formatting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#The_Glue_That_Keeps_My_Sanity_from_Fragmenting\" >The Glue That Keeps My Sanity from Fragmenting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/#Related_Articles\" >Related Articles<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Garbage_Collector_is_My_New_Best_Friend_and_I_Hate_It\"><\/span>The Garbage Collector is My New Best Friend and I Hate It<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The first thing that hits you is the sheer, unadulterated bloat. In C, an integer is four bytes. Maybe eight if you\u2019re feeling fancy. In Python? It\u2019s a whole production. Every single thing in Python is an object. A &#8220;simple&#8221; integer carries around a backpack of metadata\u2014reference counts, type pointers, size information. It\u2019s like bringing a suitcase to a day trip.<\/p>\n<p>Look at this. I ran this in the REPL just to see how much damage we were doing to the silicon.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"codehilite\"><code class=\"language-text\">Python 3.12.1 (main, Dec  8 2023, 15:31:13) [GCC 12.3.0] on linux\nType &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.\n&gt;&gt;&gt; import sys\n&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 1\n&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.getsizeof(x)\n28\n&gt;&gt;&gt; y = 10**100\n&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.getsizeof(y)\n72\n&gt;&gt;&gt; # Twenty-eight bytes for the number one. Disgusting.\n&gt;&gt;&gt; # In my day, we fit entire programs in 28 bytes.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Twenty-eight bytes for the number one. I could have controlled a nuclear reactor with twenty-eight bytes in 1984. But here\u2019s the thing\u2014the &#8220;Reluctant Confession&#8221; part. While I was busy counting those 28 bytes, I realized I hadn&#8217;t thought about <code>malloc()<\/code> once. I hadn&#8217;t thought about <code>free()<\/code>. I hadn&#8217;t worried about buffer overflows or dangling pointers. <\/p>\n<p>The garbage collector\u2014a concept I used to view as a crutch for the weak-minded\u2014just handled it. It uses reference counting as its primary mechanism, supplemented by a cyclic garbage collector to catch those nasty self-referencing loops that would otherwise haunt your heap forever. To understand what is actually happening under the hood, you have to look at the bytecode, but for the first time in my life, I didn&#8217;t <em>have<\/em> to. I just wrote the logic. The machine did the chores. I felt like a traitor.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Guidos_Revenge_and_the_Great_Unicode_War\"><\/span>Guido\u2019s Revenge and the Great Unicode War<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I spent a lot of time researching the history of this thing while waiting for my C++ builds to finish. Guido van Rossum started this as a &#8220;hobby&#8221; project in December 1989. He wanted something between C and the Shell. He named it after Monty Python, which explains why the documentation is full of jokes that aren&#8217;t funny when you&#8217;re trying to debug a race condition at midnight.<\/p>\n<p>Then there was the Python 2 to Python 3 transition. I still have scars from that. It was a decade-long civil war. The main issue? Strings. In Python 2, strings were just bytes. It was honest. It was simple. In Python 3, everything became Unicode. Suddenly, your code would blow up because someone sent a character that didn&#8217;t exist in 1985. <\/p>\n<p>But I have to admit, looking back, they were right. The world isn&#8217;t just ASCII anymore. If you want to build something that works globally, you can&#8217;t just pretend everything is a 7-bit character. Python 3 forced us to care about the difference between <code>bytes<\/code> and <code>str<\/code>. It was painful, like pulling a tooth, but the mouth is healthier now.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Namespaces_are_a_Honking_Great_Idea_And_I_Hate_That_I_Agree\"><\/span>Namespaces are a Honking Great Idea (And I Hate That I Agree)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In C, everything is a fight. You want to use a function from another file? Better hope you didn&#8217;t have a naming collision. Better hope your header guards are solid. Better hope you didn&#8217;t include the same file twice in a way that makes the compiler throw a tantrum.<\/p>\n<p>Python handles this with namespaces. Everything is a dictionary. Literally. You want to see the variables in your current scope? Just call <code>locals()<\/code>. You want to see the global ones? <code>globals()<\/code>. It\u2019s all just hash maps.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"codehilite\"><code class=\"language-text\">&gt;&gt;&gt; # Let's see the overhead of a simple dictionary.\n&gt;&gt;&gt; my_config = {'port': 8080, 'timeout': 30}\n&gt;&gt;&gt; sys.getsizeof(my_config)\n232\n&gt;&gt;&gt; # Two hundred and thirty-two bytes for two integers and two strings.\n&gt;&gt;&gt; # I could have stored the entire library of congress in that much space in 1982.\n&gt;&gt;&gt; # But look at how I access it:\n&gt;&gt;&gt; my_config['port']\n8080\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The &#8220;Zen of Python&#8221; (which is actually PEP 20, for those who care about the rules) says &#8220;Namespaces are one honking great idea\u2014let&#8217;s do more of those!&#8221; And they did. Every module is its own namespace. No more prefixing every function with <code>MY_PROJECT_SUBSYSTEM_FUNCTION_NAME<\/code>. You just <code>import subsystem<\/code> and call <code>subsystem.function()<\/code>. It\u2019s clean. It\u2019s organized. It makes me feel like I\u2019m wearing a suit instead of my grease-stained &#8220;I Heart Assembly&#8221; t-shirt.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_Pattern_Matching_for_People_Who_Miss_Switch_Statements\"><\/span>Structural Pattern Matching for People Who Miss Switch Statements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>For years, Python didn&#8217;t have a <code>switch<\/code> statement. You had to use <code>if-elif-else<\/code> chains like a caveman. It was one of my primary complaints. &#8220;How can you call this a real language if I can&#8217;t jump-table my way through a set of constants?&#8221; I\u2019d ask.<\/p>\n<p>Then came PEP 634. Structural Pattern Matching. It arrived in Python 3.10, and it\u2019s better than any <code>switch<\/code> statement I\u2019ve ever used in C. It doesn&#8217;t just match values; it matches <em>shapes<\/em>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"codehilite\"><code class=\"language-text\">&gt;&gt;&gt; def handle_command(cmd):\n...     match cmd.split():\n...         case [&quot;QUIT&quot;]:\n...             return &quot;Shutting down...&quot;\n...         case [&quot;LOAD&quot;, filename]:\n...             return f&quot;Loading {filename}&quot;\n...         case [&quot;MOVE&quot;, x, y] if int(x) &gt; 0:\n...             return f&quot;Moving to {x}, {y}&quot;\n...         case _:\n...             return &quot;Unknown command&quot;\n... \n&gt;&gt;&gt; handle_command(&quot;LOAD firmware.bin&quot;)\n'Loading firmware.bin'\n&gt;&gt;&gt; handle_command(&quot;MOVE 10 20&quot;)\n'Moving to 10, 20'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This is where I started to crack. Writing that in C would involve <code>strtok<\/code>, a bunch of <code>strcmp<\/code> calls, and probably three different buffer overflow vulnerabilities. In Python, it\u2019s five lines of readable code. People keep asking me what is the point of this &#8220;executable pseudocode,&#8221; and I\u2019m starting to realize the point is that I can go home at 5:00 PM instead of 4:00 AM.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CPython_is_Just_a_C_Program_with_a_God_Complex\"><\/span>CPython is Just a C Program with a God Complex<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To truly understand Python, you have to realize it\u2019s a lie. Python isn&#8217;t &#8220;running&#8221; on your CPU. CPython (the standard implementation) is a C program that reads your script, compiles it into bytecode, and then runs that bytecode on a virtual stack machine. <\/p>\n<p>When you run a Python script, you\u2019re just feeding data to a massive C loop called <code>_PyEval_EvalFrameDefault<\/code>. It\u2019s a giant switch statement (ironic, right?) that handles every opcode. This is why it\u2019s &#8220;slow.&#8221; Every instruction has the overhead of the interpreter loop. <\/p>\n<p>But here\u2019s the secret: most of the heavy lifting isn&#8217;t done in Python. When you use <code>numpy<\/code> or <code>pandas<\/code> or even the built-in <code>sort()<\/code>, you\u2019re calling into highly optimized C or Fortran code. Python is just the &#8220;glue.&#8221; It\u2019s the manager who doesn&#8217;t know how to use a wrench but is really good at telling the mechanics what to do.<\/p>\n<p>The GIL (Global Interpreter Lock) is the boogeyman of the Python world. It prevents multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes at once. It\u2019s the reason Python &#8220;can&#8217;t do true concurrency.&#8221; In my world, we handle concurrency with interrupts and DMA. In Python, you use <code>multiprocessing<\/code> to spawn entirely new interpreter instances because the GIL won&#8217;t let you share the sandbox. It\u2019s inefficient. It\u2019s clunky. And yet&#8230; for 99% of automation tasks, it doesn&#8217;t matter. The bottleneck is the network or the disk, not the GIL.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PEP_8_The_Nanny_State_of_Formatting\"><\/span>PEP 8: The Nanny State of Formatting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I hate being told how to format my code. I like my braces where I like them. I like my tabs. I like my idiosyncratic spacing that only I understand. <\/p>\n<p>Then comes PEP 8. The &#8220;Style Guide for Python Code.&#8221; It tells you how many spaces to use (four, never tabs), where to put your imports, and how long your lines should be. At first, I felt insulted. Who is Guido to tell me how to indent? <\/p>\n<p>But then I had to read code written by a junior dev who grew up on JavaScript. If that code had been in C, it would have been a nightmare of inconsistent bracing and &#8220;clever&#8221; one-liners. But because of PEP 8 and tools like <code>flake8<\/code> or <code>black<\/code>, the code looked&#8230; exactly like mine. I could read it instantly. No mental translation layer required. <\/p>\n<p>It turns out that when everyone agrees to follow the same boring rules, the code becomes transparent. You stop looking at the syntax and start looking at the logic. It\u2019s a bitter pill to swallow for an old dog who likes his &#8220;clever&#8221; tricks, but it\u2019s the truth.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Glue_That_Keeps_My_Sanity_from_Fragmenting\"><\/span>The Glue That Keeps My Sanity from Fragmenting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>I\u2019ve spent the last month rewriting my hardware test suite in Python. What took me three months in C++ took me three weeks in Python. I used <code>pyserial<\/code> to talk to the UART, <code>requests<\/code> to log results to the internal server, and <code>pytest<\/code> to manage the test cases. <\/p>\n<p>I didn&#8217;t have to write a single linked list. I didn&#8217;t have to debug a memory corruption issue caused by a string that wasn&#8217;t null-terminated. I didn&#8217;t have to fight the linker. <\/p>\n<p>Is it &#8220;bloated&#8221;? Yes. Does it use too much RAM? Absolutely. Is it &#8220;real&#8221; programming? My ego says no, but my paycheck and my sleep schedule say yes. <\/p>\n<p>Python is the &#8220;glue&#8221; language. It\u2019s not meant to replace the firmware I write for the ARM Cortex-M4. It\u2019s meant to surround it. It\u2019s the scaffolding that lets me build the real stuff faster. It\u2019s the realization that not every problem is a nail, and sometimes you don&#8217;t need a 20lb sledgehammer when a simple screwdriver will do.<\/p>\n<p>I still miss the 80s. I miss knowing exactly where every bit is stored in the registers. I miss the simplicity of a system that only does exactly what you tell it to do. But I don&#8217;t miss the 4:00 AM memory leaks. <\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re an embedded guy like me, don&#8217;t fight it. Don&#8217;t be the guy still using a slide rule when everyone else has a calculator. Python isn&#8217;t going to take your job; it\u2019s going to make your job suck less. Just don&#8217;t ask me to like the 28-byte integers. That\u2019s a bridge too far.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m still going to write my drivers in C. I\u2019m still going to optimize my hot loops in Assembly. But for everything else? For the automation, the data crunching, the &#8220;get it done by Friday&#8221; tasks? I\u2019ll be using the &#8220;executable pseudocode.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p>Just don&#8217;t tell the kids I said that. They\u2019re already soft enough. They think &#8220;low level&#8221; means writing a C# wrapper. They wouldn&#8217;t know a stack overflow if it hit them in the face. But at least with Python, they can&#8217;t break my build as easily. And that, in itself, is worth the 28 bytes. <\/p>\n<p>Now, if you\u2019ll excuse me, I have a C-extension to write. Because as much as I\u2019ve grown to tolerate Python, there are some things that just need the cold, hard efficiency of a pointer. And I\u2019m the only one left who knows how to use them without bleeding all over the heap.<\/p>\n<p>The transition from Python 2 to 3 was a mess, the GIL is a relic of a simpler time, and the memory overhead is a crime against engineering. But it works. And in this industry, &#8220;it works&#8221; is the only metric that matters when the sun starts coming up and you\u2019re still at your desk. <\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m a convert. A grumpy, cynical, reluctant convert. Now get off my lawn, I have some &#8220;wheels&#8221; to install. Whatever the hell those are. <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Post-Script for the &#8220;Modern&#8221; Devs:<\/strong><br \/>\nIf you ever use the word &#8220;Empower&#8221; in a pull request, I will personally find your desk and replace your mechanical keyboard with a membrane one from 1994. You\u2019ve been warned. Write your code, keep it lean, and for the love of Guido, read PEP 8 before you check in that mess. I\u2019m watching. I\u2019m always watching. And I still have my copy of K&amp;R within arm&#8217;s reach. Don&#8217;t test me.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_Articles\"><\/span>Related Articles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Explore more insights and best practices:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/getting-started-with-iot\/\">Getting Started With Iot<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/machine-learning-best-practices-10-tips-for-success\/\">Machine Learning Best Practices 10 Tips For Success<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/laravel-clear-cache\/\">Laravel Clear Cache<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I remember when we used to count bytes. Now, people import a library just to print a string. It\u2019s disgusting. But let\u2019s talk about why I\u2019m wrong. It was 4:12 AM. I was staring at a terminal window, my eyes burning from the blue light and the third pot of coffee that tasted more like &#8230; <a title=\"What is Python? A Complete Guide to the Popular Language\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/itsupportwale.com\/blog\/what-is-python-a-complete-guide-to-the-popular-language\/\" aria-label=\"Read more  on What is Python? A Complete Guide to the Popular Language\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Python? 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